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A Machine Learning Approach for User Localization Exploiting Connectivity Data. P. Cottone, S. Gaglio, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Journal of Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence (Elsevier)
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The growing popularity of Location-Based Services (LBSs) has boosted research on cheaper and more pervasive localization systems, typically relying on such monitoring equipment as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which allow to re-use the same instrumentation both for monitoring and for localization without requiring lengthy off-line training. This work addresses the localization problem, exploiting knowledge acquired in sample environments, and extensible to areas not considered in advance. Localization is turned into a learning problem, solved by a statistical algorithm. Additionally, parameter tuning is fully automated thanks to its formulation as an optimization problem based only on connectivity information. Performance of our approach has been thoroughly assessed based on data collected in simulation as well as in actual deployment.
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SmartBuildings: an AmI System for Energy Efficiency. A. De Paola, G. Lo Re, M. Morana, M. Ortolani. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Sustainable Internet and ICT for Sustainability, 2015
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Nowadays, the increasing global awareness of the importance of energy saving in everyday life acts as a stimulus to provide innovative ICT solutions for sustainability. In this scenario, the growing interest in smart homes has been driven both by socioeconomic and technological expectations. One of the key aspects of being smart is the efficiency of the urban apparatus, which includes, among others, energy, transportation and buildings. The present work describes SmartBuildings, a novel Ambient Intelligence system, which aims at reducing the energy consumption of legacy buildings by means of artificial intelligence techniques applied on heterogeneous sensor networks. A prototype has been realized addressing two different scenarios, i.e. the management of a campus and of a manufacturing facility. A complete description of the elements included in the case study is presented.
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Adaptive Collision Avoidance through Implicit ACKs in Wireless Sensor Networks. D. Messina, M. Ortolani, G. Lo Re. In Proceedings of the Geogrid Open Day, Palermo, 2008
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The large number of nodes, typical of many sensor network deployments and the well-known hidden terminal problem make collision avoidance an essential goal for the actual employment of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology.
Collision avoidance is traditionally dealt with at the MAC Layer and plenty of different solutions have been proposed, which however have encountered limited diffusion because of their incompatibility with commonly available devices.
As part of our work on the GEOGRID project, we developed an approach to collision avoidance which is designed to work over a standard MAC Layer, namely the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and is based on application-controlled delays of packet transmission times. The proposed scheme, which we present in two variants, is simple, decentralized and scalable.
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Adaptive Distributed Outlier Detection for WSNs. A. De Paola, S. Gaglio, G. Lo Re, F. Milazzo, M. Ortolani. In IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics
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The paradigm of pervasive computing is gaining more and more attention nowadays, thanks to the possibility of obtaining precise and continuous monitoring. Ease of deployment and adaptivity are typically implemented by adopting autonomous and cooperative sensory devices; however, for such systems to be of any practical use, reliability and fault tolerance must be guaranteed, for instance by detecting corrupted readings amidst the huge amount of gathered sensory data. This paper proposes an adaptive distributed Bayesian approach for detecting outliers in data collected by a wireless sensor network; our algorithm aims at optimizing classification accuracy, time complexity and communication complexity, and also considering externally imposed constraints on such conflicting goals. The performed experimental evaluation showed that our approach is able to improve the considered metrics for latency and energy consumption, with limited impact on classification accuracy.
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A mobile application for assessment of air pollution exposure. G. Lo Re, D. Peri, D. S. Vassallo. In Proceedings of Mobile and Information Technologies in Medicine and Health 2013
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In this paper the architecture of a mobile air quality monitoring system is introduced.A mobile application will act as a personal assistant, monitoring and giving advices about gas pollutants daily exposure. Currently in development stage as part of a larger air quality monitoring system project, the application will enable users to monitor their daily exposure to gas pollutants by combining user location data and urban air quality information provided by the network of xed monitoring stations of the city of Palermo.
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A wireless sensor network for vineyard management in Sicily (Italy) . P. Catania, M. Vallone, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, Vol 15, No 4 (2013)
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ine quality depends on many factors, such as the choice of variety, stock, training system, pruning as well as environmental parameters and cultivation techniques performed in the vineyard. Monitoring the micro-climate of grapevine allows to conveniently perform the most important cultivation techniques (soil management, pesticide treatments, green pruning, harvest) thus reducing the operating costs of the vineyard, and increasing the overall quality of the grapes. The aim of the present study is to monitor the micro-climate of grapevine in order to control spring period hazards, to reduce the operating costs of the vineyard and to increase the quality of grapes. For this purpose a Wireless Sensor Network was used, and a comparison was performed between the data measured by wireless sensors and data provided by a fixed meteorological station of the local government agency (SIAS - Regione Siciliana). The results obtained here showed that, with reference to temperature, the data measured by wireless sensors are considerable different from the data of SIAS measuring station especially for temperatures above 20°C. With reference to relative humidity, there are no differences between the two types of sensors. Our study showed that the microclimate of the vineyard may be considerably different from the climate of the macro-area closest to the plot. Monitoring the micro-climate may thus be crucial as it may represent the key to a rational management of the vineyard, also with regard to a reduction of the costs of certain cultural operations
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QoS-Aware Fault Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks. A. De Paola, G. Lo Re, F. Milazzo, M. Ortolani. In International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 2013, Article ID 165732, 12 pages, 2013
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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a fundamental building block of many pervasive applications. Nevertheless the use of such technology raises new challenges regarding the development of reliable and fault-tolerant systems. One of the most critical issues is the detection of corrupted readings amidst the huge amount of gathered sensory data. Indeed, such readings could significantly affect the quality of service (QoS) of the WSN, and thus it is highly desirable to automatically discard them. This issue is usually addressed through ?fault detection? algorithms that classify readings by exploiting temporal and spatial correlations. Generally, these algorithms do not take into account QoS requirements other than the classification accuracy. This paper proposes a fully distributed algorithm for detecting data faults, taking into account the response time besides the classification accuracy. We adopt the Bayesian networks to perform classification of readings and the Pareto optimization to allow QoS requirements to be simultaneously satisfied. Our approach has been tested on a synthetic dataset in order to evaluate its behavior with respect to different values of QoS constraints. The experimental evaluation produced good results, showing that our algorithm is able to greatly reduce the response time at the cost of a small reduction in classification accuracy.
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Detecting faulty wireless sensor nodes through stochastic classification. A. Farruggia, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops, 2011, pp. 148-153
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In many distributed systems, the possibility to adapt the behavior of the involved resources in response to unforeseen failures is an important requirement in order to significantly reduce the costs of management. Autonomous detection of faulty entities, however, is often a challenging task, especially when no direct human intervention is possible, as is the case for many scenarios involving Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which usually operate in inaccessible and hostile environments. This paper presents an unsupervised approach for identifying faulty sensor nodes within a WSN. The proposed algorithm uses a probabilistic approach based on Markov Random Fields, requiring exclusively an analysis of the sensor readings, thus avoiding additional control overhead. In particular, abnormal behavior of a sensor node will be inferred by analyzing the spatiotemporal correlation of its data with respect to its neighborhood. The algorithm is tested on a public dataset, over which different classes of faults were artificially superimposed.
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Probabilistic anomaly detection for wireless sensor networks. A. Farruggia, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Artificial intelligence around man and beyond, 2011, pp 438-444
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are increasingly gaining popularity as a tool for environmental monitoring, however ensuring the reliability of their operation is not trivial, and faulty sensors are not uncommon; moreover, the deployment environment may influence the correct functioning of a sensor node, which might thus be mistakenly classified as damaged. In this paper we propose a probabilistic algorithm to detect a faulty node considering its sensed data, and the surrounding environmental conditions. The algorithm was tested with a real dataset acquired in a work environment, characterized by the presence of actuators that also affect the actual trend of the monitored physical quantities.
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Predictive models for energy saving in wireless sensor networks. A. De Paola, G. Lo Re, F. Milazzo, M. Ortolani. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), 2011, pp. 1-6
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ICT devices nowadays cannot disregard optimizations toward energy sustainability. Wireless Sensor Networks, in particular, are a representative class of a technology where special care must be given to energy saving, due to the typical scarcity and non-renewability of their energy sources, in order to enhance network lifetime. In our work we propose a novel approach that aims to adaptively control the sampling rate of wireless sensor nodes using prediction models, so that environmental phenomena can be consistently modeled while reducing the required amount of transmissions; the approach is tested on data available from a public dataset.
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An Innovative System For Vineyard Management In Sicily. M. Carrara, P. Catania, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani, M. Vallone. In Journal of Agricultural Engineering, vol. 41, 2010, pp. 13-18
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The aim of this study was to monitor the micro-climate of the grapevine in order to detect the adversities of the spring period (especially April and May), while reducing the operating costs of the vineyard, and increasing the overall quality of grapes. For this purpose a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) was used. Furthermore, a comparison was performed between data measured by the wireless sensors and data provided by the fixed meteorological station of the Regione Siciliana (SIAS)
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FDAE: A failure detector for asynchronous events. A. Farruggia, M. Ortolani, G. Lo Re. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Networked Computing and Advanced Information Management (NCM), 2010, pp. 197-202
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Detecting element failures is a relevant issue in distributed systems. A fault tolerant system needs to detect a failure and recover from it promptly. In fact, traditional approaches to fault tolerance are usually not completely free from errors during the failure detection phase; a good failure detector is thus a very important component of them to minimize these errors. In this paper we present a failure detector able to monitor both asynchronous and synchronous elements of a distributed system by exchanging messages with the monitored elements. In order to assess the health status of monitored elements our failure detector relies on a simple query/ACK mechanism, which however requires a reliable timeout estimate in order to properly set the monitoring interval. To this purpose our failure detector uses the history of past estimates to compute new values for both quantities. The model proposed here introduces a new label to tag monitored elements, besides those used in traditional failures detectors. To evaluate this work, we compared it with two other algorithms by computing performance metrics, such as specificity and sensitivity, and by considering the number of required control packets. We also compared the performance of the failure detectors by computing their detection time.
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A hybrid framework for soft real-time WSN simulation. A. Lalomia, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Proceedings of the 13th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications, 2009. DS-RT '09, pp. 201-207
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The design of a wireless sensor network is a challenging task due to its intrinsically application-specific nature.Although a typical choice for testing such kind of networks requires devising ad-hoc testbeds, this is often impractical as it depends on expensive, and hard to maintain deployment of nodes. On the other hand, simulation is a valuable option, as long as the actual functioning conditions are reliably modeled, and carefully replicated.The present work describes a framework for supporting the user in early design and testing of a wireless sensor network with an augmented version of TOSSIM, the de-facto standard for simulators, that allows merging actual and virtual nodes seamlessly interacting with each other; the proposed tool does not require any special modification to the original simulation code, but it allows contemporary execution of code in actual, and virtual nodes, as well as simulation of nodes executing different application logics. The reported experimental results will also show how soft-real time constraints are guaranteed for the augmented simulation.
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Exploiting the human factor in a WSN-based system for ambient intelligence. A. De Paola, A. Farruggia, S. Gaglio, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems, 2009. CISIS '09, pp. 748-753
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Practical applications of ambient intelligence cannot leave aside requirements about ubiquity, scalability, and transparency to the user. An enabling technology to comply with this goal is represented by wireless sensor networks (WSNs); however, although capable of limited in-network processing, they lack the computational power to act as a comprehensive intelligent system. By taking inspiration from the sensory processing model of complex biological organisms, we propose here a cognitive architecture able to perceive, decide upon, and control the environment of which the system is part. WSNs act as a transparent interface that allows the system to understand human requirements through implicit feedback, and consequently adapt its behavior. A central unit will carry on symbolic reasoning based on the concepts extracted from sensory inputs collected and pre-processed by pervasively deployed WSNs.
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Human-ambient interaction through wireless sensor networks. A. De Paola, S. Gaglio, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Human System Interactions, 2009. HSI '09, pp. 64-67
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Recent developments in technology have permitted the creation of cheap, and unintrusive devices that may be effectively employed for instrumenting an intelligent environment. The present work describes a modular framework that makes use of a class of those devices, namely wireless sensors, in order to monitor relevant physical quantities and to collect users' requirements through implicit feedback. A central intelligent unit extracts higher-level concepts from raw sensory inputs, and carries on symbolic reasoning based on them. The aim of the reasoning is to plan a sequence of actions that will lead the environment to a state as close as possible to the users' desires, taking into account both implicit and explicit feedback from the users.
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WSNs for structural health monitoring of historical buildings. G. Anastasi, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Human System Interactions, 2009. HSI '09, pp. 574-579
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Monitoring structural health of historical heritage buildings may be a daunting task for civil engineers due to the lack of a pre-existing model for the building stability, and to the presence of strict constraints on monitoring device deployment. This paper reports on the experience maturated during a project regarding the design and implementation of an innovative technological framework for monitoring critical structures in Sicily, Italy. The usage of wireless sensor networks allows for a pervasive observation over the sites of interest in order to minimize the potential damages that natural phenomena may cause to architectural or engineering works. Moreover, the system provides real-time feedback to the civil engineer that may promptly steer the functioning of the monitoring network, also remotely accessing sensed data via Web interfaces.
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Monitoring high-quality wine production using wireless sensor networks. G. Anastasi, O. Farruggia, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2009. HICSS '09, pp. 1-7
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This work reports the experience on the design and deployment of a WSN-based system for monitoring the productive cycle of high-quality wine in a Sicilian winery. Besides providing the means for pervasive monitoring of the cultivated area, the project described here is aimed to support the producer in ensuring the overall quality of their production, in terms of accurate planning of interventions in the field, and preservation of the stored product. Wireless Sensor Networks are employed as the sensing infrastructure of a distributed system for the control of a prototypal productive chain; nodes have been deployed both in the field and in the cellar, where wine aging is performed, and data is collected at a central unit in order to perform inferences that suggest timely interventions that preserve the grapes' quality.
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Wireless Sensor Networks for Marine Environment Monitoring. A. De Paola, M. Ortolani, G. Lo Re. In Proceedings of the GEOGRID Open Day at the University of Palermo, 2008, pp. 22-26
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This work reports on the experience gained in the context of the development of a system of wireless sensor networks for marine environment monitoring, as a part of the GeoGrid project. The proposed system employs a monitoring network composed of commonly available motes, equipped with sensors for monitor- ing water quality in restricted marine environments. Those lower- end nodes communicate among each other whenever possible, but rely on higher-performance nodes implementing the Data MULE paradigm for delivering information to the remote base station in the not so uncommon event of a disconnection in the network. This paper describes the hardware and software architecture of the employed nodes, and the operations of the resulting hybrid network, and gives some details on the testbed deployment.
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Adaptive collision avoidance through implicit acknowledgments in WSNs. D. Messina, M. Ortolani, G. Lo Re. In Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Services Computing Conference, 2008. APSCC '08. IEEE, pp. 1138-1143
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The large number of nodes, typical of many sensor network deployments, and the well-known hidden terminal problem make collision avoidance an essential goal for the actual employment of WSN technology. Collision avoidance is traditionally dealt with at the MAC Layer and plenty of different solutions have been proposed, which however have encountered limited diffusion because of their incompatibility with commonly available devices.In this paper we propose an approach to collision avoidance which is designed to work over a standard MAC Layer, namely the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, and is based on application-controlled delays of packet transmission times. The proposed scheme is simple, decentralized and scalable. We present two variants of the algorithm and we evaluate our work through simulations. Discussed results show that our scheme provides a considerable boost of performance in IEEE 802.15.4 tree-based networks, effectively addressing the hidden terminal problem and keeping radio utilization efficient.
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Achieving robustness through caching and retransmissions in IEEE 802.15.4-based WSNs D. Messina, M. Ortolani, G. Lo Re. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, 2007. ICCCN 2007, pp. 1117-1122
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This paper proposes a network-layer protocol for wireless sensor networks based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Our protocol is devised to provide reliable data gathering in latency-constrained applications, and exploits both the flexibility of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer and features of data aggregation techniques, such as implicit acknowledgment of reception. The proposed protocol acts as a routing module and a control entity for the MAC layer and provides reliable communication, while managing power saving and synchronization among nodes. Without relying on MAC-layer acknowledgments, the protocol implements caching and network-layer retransmissions, triggered upon detection of a link failure. The performance of the proposed approach is studied through simulations, in which we evaluate the achieved reliability and the energy consumption with varying network settings.
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Reliable data gathering in tree-based IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks D. Messina, M. Ortolani, G. Lo Re. In Proceedings of the Fourth Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking Services, 2007. MobiQuitous 2007., pp. 1-7
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This paper describes a routing protocol for enhanced robustness in IEEE 802.15.4-based sensor networks, which also addresses typical MAC layer issues, including power management, synchronization and link reliability. The algorithm uses a single-path strategy in error-free scenarios and resorts to using alternative paths when communication errors are detected. Our proposal exploits implicit acknowledgement of reception, a feature which may be provided by data aggregation when a broadcast medium such as the wireless channel is used. Therefore MAC layer acknowledgements are not used and errors recovery relies on a caching and retransmission strategy. The protocol requires synchronization among the nodes, which also allows the implementation of power saving techniques such as sleep/listen schedules. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated through simulations, in which we study the overall network reliability and quantify the energy requirements, with different network sizes and protocol parameters.
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A logical framework for augmented simulations of wireless sensor networks L. Gatani, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2006. SMC '06, vol. 2 ,pp. 1455-1461
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This paper describes a framework for practical and efficient monitoring of a wireless sensor network. The architecture proposed exploits the dynamic reasoning capabilities of the situation calculus in order to assess the sensor network behavior before actually deploying all the nodes. Designing a wireless sensor network for a specific application typically involves a preliminary phase of simulations that rely on specialized software, whose behavior does not necessarily reproduce what will be experienced by an actual network. On the other hand, delaying the test phase until deployment may not be advisable due to unreasonable costs. This paper suggests the adoption of a hybrid approach that involves coupling an actual wireless sensor network, composed of a minimal set of nodes, with a simulated one. We describe a framework that implements a logical monitoring entity able to analyze the network behavior by means of a superimposed communication control network. The system aims to enhance the simulation environment with a logical reasoning unit in order to extract higher level information about the network state, used to provide the network designer with guidance during the pre-deployment design phase.
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Understanding the environment through wireless sensor networks S. Gaglio, L. Gatani, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In AI*IA 2007: Artificial Intelligence and Human-Oriented Computing, 2007, pp. 72-83
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This paper presents a new cognitive architecture for extracting meaningful, high-level information from the environment, starting from the raw data collected by a Wireless Sensor Network. The proposed framework is capable of building rich internal representation of the sensed environment by means of intelligent data processing and correlation. Furthermore, our approach aims at integrating the connectionist, data-driven model with the symbolic one, that uses a high-level knowledge about the domain to drive the environment interpretation. To this aim, the framework exploits the notion of conceptual spaces, adopting a conceptual layer between the subsymbolic one, that processes sensory data, and the symbolic one, that describes the environment by means of a high level language; this intermediate layer plays the key role of anchoring the upper layer symbols. In order to highlight the characteristics of the proposed framework, we also describe a sample application, aiming at monitoring a forest through a Wireless Sensor Network, in order to timely detect the presence of fire.
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Knowledge extraction from environmental data through a cognitive architecture S. Gaglio, L. Gatani, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Innovations in Hybrid Intelligent Systems, 2007, pp. 329-336
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Wireless Sensor Networks represent a novel technology which is expected to experience a dramatic diffusion thanks to the promise to be a pervasive sensory means; however, one of the issues limiting their potential growth relies in the difficulty of managing and interpreting huge amounts of collected data. This paper proposes a cognitive architecture for the extraction of high-level knowledge from raw data through the representation of processed data in opportune conceptual spaces. The presented framework interposes a conceptual layer between the subsymbolic one, devoted to sensory data processing, and the symbolic one, aimed at describing the environment by means of a high level language. The features of the proposed approach are illustrated through the description of a sample application for wildfire detection.
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Multi-robot interacting through wireless sensor networks A. Chella, G. Lo Re, I. Macaluso, M. Ortolani, D. Peri. In AI*IA 2007: Artificial Intelligence and Human-Oriented Computing, 2007, pp. 789-796
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This paper addresses the issue of coordinating the operations of multiple robots in an indoor environment. The framework presented here uses a composite networking architecture, in which a hybrid wireless network, composed by commonly available WiFi devices, and the more recently developed wireless sensor networks. Such architecture grants robots to enhance their perceptive capabilities and to exchange information so as to coordinate actions in order to achieve a global common goal. The proposed framework is described with reference to an experimental setup that extends a previously developed robotic tour guide application in the context of a multi-robot application.
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A monitoring framework exploiting the synergy between actual and virtual wireless sensors L. Gatani, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani, F. Sorbello. In Proceedings of the 2006 International Conference Workshops on Parallel Processing, 2006, pp. 361-367
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This paper describes a framework that allows realistic monitoring of a wireless sensor network in order to assess its behavior before actually deploying all the nodes. Designing a wireless sensor network for a specific application typically involves a preliminary phase of simulations that rely on specialized software, whose behavior does not necessarily reproduce what will be experienced by an actual network. On the other hand, delaying the test phase until deployment may not be advisable due to unreasonable costs. This paper suggests the adoption of a hybrid approach that involves coupling an actual wireless sensor network composed of a minimal set of actual nodes with a simulated one; we describe a software platform that, by exploiting currently available wireless sensor networks technologies, implements a superimposed communication control network thus making this approach feasible. In order to demonstrate the advantages deriving from such approach, our framework will be validated on a specific scenario dealing with geophysical monitoring for avalanches prevention.
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Robust and efficient data gathering for wireless sensor networks L. Gatani, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2006, vol. 9
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This paper describes a new strategy for data gathering in wireless sensor networks that takes into account the need for both energy saving, typical of such networks, and for a reasonable tradeoff between robustness and efficiency. The proposed algorithm implements an efficient strategy for retransmission of lost packets by discovering alternative routes and making clever use of multiple paths when necessary; in order to do that we build upon the general framework presented in recent works, that provided a formulation of duplicate and order insensitive aggregation functions, and by taking advantage of some intrinsic characteristics of the wireless sensor networks, we exploit implicit acknowledgment of reception and smart caching of the data. Assuming that, unlike in an ideal scenario, data originates from only a subset of all sensors, our approach provides a better usage of the resources and a minimization of the traffic in the network, and, as a consequence, of the overall consumed energy.
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A monitoring system for sensor networks based on logical deductive processes. G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani, L. Gatani. In Proceedings of the Military Communications Conference, 2005. MILCOM 2005. IEEE , vol., no., pp.93,98 Vol. 1, 17-20 Oct. 2005
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This paper proposes a distributed multi-agent architecture for wireless sensor networks management, which exploits the dynamic reasoning capabilities of the situation calculus in order to emulate the reactive behavior of a human expert to fault situations. The information related to network events is generated by tunable agents installed on the network nodes and is collected by a logical entity for network managing where it is merged with general domain knowledge, with the aim of identifying the root causes of faults, and deciding on reparative actions. The logical inference system has being devised to carry out automated isolation, diagnosis, and, whenever possible, repair of network anomalies, thus enhancing the reliability, performance, and security of the network. To illustrate the advantages and potential benefits deriving from the reasoning capabilities of our management system, we also discuss an application scenario concerning the need of effectively coping with congestion arising in critical parts of the network.
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An integrated architecture for surveillance and monitoring in an archaeological site E. Ardizzone, M. La Cascia, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on Video surveillance and sensor networks, 2005, pp. 79-86
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This paper describes an on-going work aimed at designing and deploying a system for the surveillance and monitoring of an archaeological site, namely the 'Valley of the Temples' in Agrigento, Italy. Given the relevance of the site from an artistical and historical point of view, it is important to protect the monuments from malicious or simply incautious behavior; however, the vastity of the area to be monitored and the vague definition of its boundaries make it unpractical to provide extensive coverage through traditional sensors or similar devices. We describe the design of an architecture for the surveillance of the site and for the monitoring of the visitors' behavior consisting in an integrated framework of networked sensors and cameras. Information will be collected by a minimal set of cameras deployed only at critical spots and coupled with higher-performance wireless sensor nodes. Both sets of devices will be supported by more densely deployed lower-cost wireless sensor so that the system will fulfill the concurrent goals of being minimally intrusive and remaining both responsive and efficient. Sensed data will be processed locally whenever possible and convenient, or otherwise sent to a central intelligent unit that will perform further and more sophisticated analyses using a reasoning system, will infer a higher level representation of the outdoor environment, and finally will be able to fine-tune the action of remote devices.
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An efficient retransmission strategy for data gathering in wireless sensor networks M. Ortolani, L. Gatani, G. Lo Re, A. Urso, S. Gaglio. In Proceedings of the 10th IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, 2005. ETFA 2005, pp. 685-688
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This paper introduces a new strategy for data gathering in wireless sensor networks that takes into account the need for both energy saving and for a reasonable tradeoff between robustness and efficiency. The proposed algorithm implements an efficient strategy for retransmission of lost packets by discovering alternative routes and making clever use of multiple paths when necessary; in order to do that we use duplicate and order insensitive aggregation functions, and by taking advantage of some intrinsic characteristics of the wireless sensor networks, we exploit implicit acknowledgment of reception and smart caching of the data
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Robust data gathering for wireless sensor networks M. Ortolani, L. Gatani, G. Lo Re. In Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Conference on Networks jointly held with the 2005 7th IEEE Malaysia International Conference on Communications, 2005, vol. 1, pp. 469-474
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In this paper we propose a data gathering model for wireless sensor networks that provides a reasonable tradeoff between robustness and efficiency, with special regard to energy saving. We design a routing algorithm that exploits implicit acknowledgment of reception and smart caching of the data to implement an efficient strategy for retransmission of lost packets and alternative path discovery; in order to do that, we build upon the general framework presented in recent works, that provided a formulation of duplicate and order insensitive aggregation functions, taking advantage of some intrinsic characteristics of the wireless sensor networks. The advantages of the proposed approach become more evident when one parts from an ideal scenario in which all nodes have available data to transmit in favor of a more practical one in which data originates from only a subset of all sensors. In this practical case, the approach provides a better usage of the resources and a minimization of the traffic in the network, and, as a consequence, of the overall consumed energy.
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Monitoring wireless sensor networks through logical deductive processes L. Gatani, G. Lo Re, M. Ortolani. In Military Communications Conference, 2005. MILCOM 2005. IEEE, pp. 1-6
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This paper proposes a distributed multi-agent architecture for wireless sensor networks management, which exploits the dynamic reasoning capabilities of the Situation Calculus in order to emulate the reactive behavior of a human expert to fault situations. The information related to network events is generated by tunable agents installed on the network nodes and is collected by a logical entity for network managing where it is merged with general domain knowledge, with the aim of identifying the root causes of faults, and deciding on reparative actions. The logical inference system has being devised to carry out automated isolation, diagnosis, and, whenever possible, repair of network anomalies, thus enhancing the reliability, performance, and security of the network. To illustrate the advantages and potential benefits deriving from the reasoning capabilities of our management system, we also discuss an application scenario concerning the need of effectively coping with congestion arising in critical parts of the network.
